放牧条件下乳用伊犁马采食量的初步研究

2013年8-10月,采用模拟采食法、群牧差额法、内外指示剂结合法在昭苏马场草甸草地上进行了放牧条件下乳用伊犁马采食量的测定。结果表明,1)同种测定方法不同月份之间测定的乳用伊犁马干物质采食量差异不显著(P0.05)。2)模拟采食法测得的干物质采食量为12.79 kg·15 h-1·匹-1,群牧差额法测得为16.39kg·d-1·匹-1,内外指示剂结合法测得为13.28 kg·d-1·匹-1。3)群牧差额法与内外指示剂结合法测定的乳用伊犁马干物质采食量之间差异不显著(P0.05),初步确定乳用伊犁马平均干物质采食量为14.83 kg·d-1·匹-1。     

草原生态环境发展与创新——由“补助奖励”到“精确放牧”

为增进草原生态保护政策的有效性,本研究考察了国内草原"补助奖励"政策的实施效果与存在问题。具体以268个牧区半牧区县牧业人口、牲畜超载率和农牧民纯收入变化情况为研究对象,运用比较分析对比"补助奖励"政策前后全国草畜平衡状况,并结合BGLI模型计算"补助奖励"政策的实施对草原超载问题的改善情况。结果表明"补助奖励"政策对全国的超载现状有很好的改善作用,增加了牧区半牧区县的人口和牧民纯收入,尤其对半牧区县的正面影响更加突出,牧区半牧区县整体对该政策的满意度很高。但无差别化的补助标准在一定程度上造成了"补助奖励"政策实施效率的低下,预期效果并不理想。因而本研究认为,应通过建立数据库的办法实施"精确放牧"政策,并提出先减后补,根据超载程度做好多补,中小牧户为补贴主体等建议。     

45份青海春小麦品种矮秆基因检测及效应分析

为明确矮秆基因Rht-B1和Rht-D1在青海春麦区小麦品种中的分布，以青海春麦区历年种植的45份春小麦品种（25份育成品种，14份引进品种，6份地方品种）为材料，利用KASP标记技术检测其两个矮秆基因的分布，并分析这两个矮秆基因对株高、穗长、小穗数和穗粒数的影响。结果表明，Rht-B1位点上存在Rht-B1a和Rht-B1b两种等位变异，分布频率分别为91.11%和8.89%；Rht-D1位点上存在Rht-D1a和Rht-D1b两种等位变异，分布频率分别为86.67%和13.33%。25份育成品种中，Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b的分布频率分别为16.00%和12.00%，未发现Rht-B1a和Rht-D1a；引进品种中仅含有Rht-D1b，分布频率为21.43%；地方品种中未发现Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b。Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b均具有一定的降秆效应，Rht-D1b的降秆效应大于Rht-B1b。携带Rht-B1a/Rht-D1b品种的株高显著低于携带Rht-B1a/Rht-D1a和Rht-B1b/Rht-D1a的品种，该组合类型不仅可使株高降低，也可增加小穗数和穗粒数；未发现携带Rht-B1b/Rht-D1b组合类型的品种。     

耕作方式对灌区春小麦田土壤呼吸的影响

为了从土壤呼吸、水热特征探讨河西灌区耕作方式对春小麦的影响，以连续12年(2005-2016)的保护性耕作长期定位试验为基础，比较分析了垄作固定道(PRB)、平作固定道(ZT)、传统耕作(CT) 3种耕作方式下河西灌区春小麦田土壤水热物理特征、土壤呼吸强度及小麦产量的差异。结果表明，播前与收获后，在0～90 cm土层，PRB处理平均土壤含水量较CT处理分别增加15.06%和18.75%,ZT处理较CT处理平均土壤含水量分别增加7.26%和5.98%;不同耕作方式下，春小麦整个生育期的土壤温度总体表现为先增后降，土壤温度响应气温的变化趋势；秸秆覆盖(PRB与ZT)在春小麦苗期表现出降温效应，而在春小麦苗期至成熟期，PRB处理的0～30 cm土层平均土壤温度较ZT、CT处理分别提高0.56～4.39℃和0.05～2.6℃;小麦生育期土壤呼吸强度先增后降，且随土层深度增加而减弱，不同耕作方式下呼吸强度表现为CT>PRB>ZT;土壤呼吸强度与温度呈显著的指数关系，Q₁₀(温度每增加10℃土壤呼吸所增加的倍数)随土层深度的增加而逐渐增大，且不同耕作方式下表现为Z...     

Differences between wheat genotypes in damage from freezing temperatures during reproductive growth

Cereal crops in the reproductive stage of growth are considerably more susceptible to injury from freezing temperatures than during their vegetative growth stage in the fall. While damage resulting from spring-freeze events has been documented, information on genotypic differences in tolerance to spring-freezes is scarce. Ninety wheat genotypes were subjected to a simulated spring-freeze at the mid-boot growth stage under controlled conditions. Spring-freeze tolerance was evaluated as the number of seeds per head at maturity after plants were frozen at −6 °C. Plants that froze, as confirmed by infrared (IR) thermography, died shortly after thawing and consequently the heads did not mature. Only in plants that had no visible freezing (super-cooled) were heads able to reach maturity and produce seeds. In plants that super-cooled four genotypes had significantly higher seed counts after being exposed to freezing than three with the lowest. In addition, significant differences between genotypes were found in whole plant survival among those that had frozen. Genotypes with high whole-plant freezing survival were not necessarily the same as the super-cooled plants with the highest seed counts. Spring-freeze tolerance was not correlated with maturity suggesting that improvement in freezing tolerance could be selected for without affecting heading date. Spring-freeze tolerance was not correlated with freezing tolerance of genotypes of plants in a vegetative state, either under non-acclimated or cold-acclimated conditions indicating that vegetative freezing tolerance is not a good predictor of spring-freeze tolerance.     

放牧压力对草原砂质栗钙土微生物量C,N,P影响的研究

对不同放牧压力下草原砂质栗钙土微生物量C、N、P进行较为系统地研究。结果表明：就土壤原土来看,随着放牧压力的增大,土壤微生物量C,N先增加后减少;土壤微生物量C在放牧率2.67只羊/hm2时相对较高,微生物量P随着放牧压力的增大逐渐降低。     

兴安盟春玉米生产现状及生态气候应对措施

在深入基层调查和多年实践经验基础上,总结了兴安盟玉米生产中存在的主要问题,并提出了应对措施。结果认为,兴安盟玉米生产中存在的主要问题是没有充分利用气候资源实现高产稳产,玉米越区种植和浪费热量资源问题突出,并提出了合理利用气候资源趋利避害的应对措施和建议,对稳定兴安盟玉米单产、提高玉米总产具有重要意义。     

Cost-efficient light control for production of two campanula species

A cost-efficient light control system based on weather forecasts, electricity prices and daily photosynthesis integral (DPI) was evaluated for application in the commercial production of the long-day (LD) plant Campanula portenschlagiana ‘Blue Get Mee’ and C. cochlearifolia ‘Blue Wonder’. Experiments were conducted under both autumn and spring conditions and included four treatments. Three treatments were controlled by the software system DynaLight Desktop which automatically defined the most cost-efficient use of supplemental light, -based on a predefined set point of DPI, forecasted solar irradiance and the market price on electricity. The set points of DPI in the three treatments were 300, 450 and 600 mmol CO₂ m⁻² leaf d⁻¹ and the treatments were compared with a traditional LD 19-h treatment. The DPI-based light control strategy resulted in very irregular light patterns including daily periods of solar irradiance combined with supplemental light in low light periods and a night period interrupted by irregular light breaks (NB-lighting). Both campanula species flowered in the DPI-based treatments during spring, but the flowering percentage was low and non-uniform during autumn. This was caused by a combination of the irregular light, low natural light intensities and a decrease in daily light integral (DLI), and could be restored by maintaining a continuous 19 h photoperiod with incandescent lamps (<5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), illustrating that photoperiod was an important factor for flowering in LD species grown under low light intensities. Growth in terms of carbon gain was marginally affected by the irregular light and a 25% reduction in electricity costs was achieved without major reductions in plant quality in spring. Our results illustrate that plant production of LD species can be maintained in a cost-efficient light control system where the use of supplemental light is based on weather forecasts and electricity prices.     

禁牧休牧监管立法的分析与探讨

禁牧休牧已成为保护和培育生态植被的一种主要方式,是遏制草原荒漠化的有效手段。相对于禁牧休牧的制度需求,其监管立法却存在诸多问题需要完善,本文从立法层级、监管体制、法律责任等方面分析了禁牧休牧监管立法中存在的问题,着重论述其完善途径,并提出了相应的立法建议。     

景泰绿洲3种小谷物的产草量与牧草营养成分预测

为了预测景泰绿洲春小麦(Triticum aestivum)、燕麦(Avena sativa)、黑麦(Secale cereale)的产草量和营养品质,通过田间试验,测得牧产草量、株高和分蘖,室内测定粗蛋白、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗灰分和可溶性碳水化合物,分析各指标之间的相关性。结果表明,收获干草的3种小谷物分蘖和株高均与可溶性碳水化合物之外其它5个营养指标存在显著相关性(P0.05),模拟轮牧的春小麦和黑麦株高与营养指标均无相关性(P0.05),燕麦和黑麦的分蘖与6个营养指标均呈显著相关(P0.05)。建立了根据株高预测产草量和营养品质的模型、用分蘖预测牧草营养品质的模型、用产草量预测牧草营养品质的模型、用分蘖和产草量两个因子综合预测营养品质的模型。经过与实测值对比,各预测模型的准确性均较高。